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370 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
370 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# 5.4 for 结构
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如果想要重复执行某些语句,Go 语言中您只有 for 结构可以使用。不要小看它,这个 for 结构比其它语言中的更为灵活。
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**注意事项** 其它许多语言中也没有发现和 do while 完全对等的 for 结构,可能是因为这种需求并不是那么强烈。
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## 5.4.1 基于计数器的迭代
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文件 for1.go 中演示了最简单的基于计数器的迭代,基本形式为:
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for 初始化语句; 条件语句; 修饰语句 {}
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示例 5.6 [for1.go](examples/chapter_5/for1.go):
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```go
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
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fmt.Printf("This is the %d iteration\n", i)
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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This is the 0 iteration
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This is the 1 iteration
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This is the 2 iteration
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This is the 3 iteration
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This is the 4 iteration
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由花括号括起来的代码块会被重复执行已知次数,该次数是根据计数器(此例为 i)决定的。循环开始前,会执行且仅会执行一次初始化语句 `i := 0;`;这比在循环之前声明更为简短。紧接着的是条件语句 `i < 5;`,在每次循环开始前都会进行判断,一旦判断结果为 false,则退出循环体。最后一部分为修饰语句 `i++`,一般用于增加或减少计数器。
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这三部分组成的循环的头部,它们之间使用分号 `;` 相隔,但并不需要括号 `()` 将它们括起来。例如:`for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { }`,这是无效的代码!
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同样的,左花括号 `{` 必须和 for 语句在同一行,计数器的生命周期在遇到右花括号 `}` 时便终止。一般习惯使用 i、j、z 或 ix 等较短的名称命名计数器。
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特别注意,永远不要在循环体内修改计数器,这在任何语言中都是非常差的实践!
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您还可以在循环中同时使用多个计数器:
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```go
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for i, j := 0, N; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {}
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```
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这得益于 Go 语言具有的平行赋值的特性(可以查看第 7 章 string_reverse.go 中反转数组的示例)。
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您可以将两个 for 循环嵌套起来:
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```go
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for i:=0; i<5; i++ {
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for j:=0; j<10; j++ {
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println(j)
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}
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}
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```
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如果您使用 for 循环迭代一个 Unicode 编码的字符串,会发生什么?
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示例 5.7 [for_string.go](examples/chapter_5/for_string.go):
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```go
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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str := "Go is a beautiful language!"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str is: %d\n", len(str))
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for ix :=0; ix < len(str); ix++ {
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fmt.Printf("Character on position %d is: %c \n", ix, str[ix])
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}
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str2 := "日本語"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str2 is: %d\n", len(str2))
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for ix :=0; ix < len(str2); ix++ {
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fmt.Printf("Character on position %d is: %c \n", ix, str2[ix])
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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The length of str is: 27
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Character on position 0 is: G
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Character on position 1 is: o
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Character on position 2 is:
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Character on position 3 is: i
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Character on position 4 is: s
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Character on position 5 is:
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Character on position 6 is: a
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Character on position 7 is:
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Character on position 8 is: b
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Character on position 9 is: e
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Character on position 10 is: a
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Character on position 11 is: u
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Character on position 12 is: t
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Character on position 13 is: i
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Character on position 14 is: f
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Character on position 15 is: u
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Character on position 16 is: l
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Character on position 17 is:
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Character on position 18 is: l
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Character on position 19 is: a
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Character on position 20 is: n
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Character on position 21 is: g
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Character on position 22 is: u
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Character on position 23 is: a
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Character on position 24 is: g
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Character on position 25 is: e
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Character on position 26 is: !
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The length of str2 is: 9
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Character on position 0 is: æ
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Character on position 1 is:
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Character on position 2 is: ¥
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Character on position 3 is: æ
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Character on position 4 is:
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Character on position 5 is: ¬
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Character on position 6 is: è
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Character on position 7 is: ª
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Character on position 8 is:
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如果我们打印 str 和 str2 的长度,会分别得到 27 和 9。
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由此我们可以发现,ASCII 编码的字符占用 1 个字节,既每个索引都指向不同的字符,而非 ASCII 编码的字符(占有 2 到 4 个字节)不能单纯地使用索引来判断是否为同一个字符。我们会在第 5.4.4 节解决这个问题。
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### 练习题
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**练习 5.4** [for_loop.go](exercises/chapter_5/for_loop.go)
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1. 使用 for 结构创建一个简单的循环。要求循环 15 次然后使用 fmt 包来打印计数器的值。
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2. 使用 goto 语句重写循环,要求不能使用 for 关键字。
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**练习 5.5** [for_character.go](exercises/chapter_5/for_character.go)
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创建一个程序,要求能够打印类似下面的结果(直到每行 25 个字符时为止):
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G
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GG
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GGG
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GGGG
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GGGGG
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GGGGGG
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1. 使用 2 层嵌套 for 循环。
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2. 使用一层 for 循环以及字符串截断。
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**练习 5.6** [bitwise_complement.go](exercises/chapter_5/bitwise_complement.go)
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使用按位补码从 0 到 10,使用位表达式 `%b` 来格式化输出。
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**练习 5.7** Fizz-Buzz 问题:[fizzbuzz.go](exercises/chapter_5/fizzbuzz.go)
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写一个从 1 打印到 100 的程序,但是每当遇到 3 的倍数时,不打印相应的数字,但打印一次 "Fizz"。遇到 5 的倍数时,打印 `Buzz` 而不是相应的数字。对于同时为 3 和 5 的倍数的数,打印 `FizzBuzz`(提示:使用 switch 语句)。
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**练习 5.8** Fizz-Buzz 问题:[rectangle_stars.go](exercises/chapter_5/rectangle_stars.go)
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使用 `*` 符号打印宽为 20,高为 10 的矩形。
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## 5.4.2 基于条件判断的迭代
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for 结构的第二种形式是没有头部的条件判断迭代(类似其它语言中的 while 循环),基本形式为:`for 条件语句 {}`。
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您也可以认为这是没有初始化语句和修饰语句的 for 结构,因此 `;;` 便是多余的了。
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Listing 5.8 [for2.go](examples/chapter_5/for2.go):
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```go
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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var i int = 5
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for i >= 0 {
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i = i - 1
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fmt.Printf("The variable i is now: %d\n", i)
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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The variable i is now: 4
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The variable i is now: 3
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The variable i is now: 2
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The variable i is now: 1
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The variable i is now: 0
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The variable i is now: -1
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## 5.4.3 无限循环
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条件语句是可以被省略的,如 `i:=0; ; i++` 或 `for { }` 或 `for ;; { }`(`;;` 会在使用 gofmt 时被移除):这些循环的本质就是无限循环。最后一个形式也可以被改写为 `for true { }`,但一般情况下都会直接写 `for { }`。
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如果 for 循环的头部没有条件语句,那么就会认为条件永远为 true,因此循环体内必须有相关的条件判断以确保会在某个时刻退出循环。
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想要直接退出循环体,可以使用 break 语句(第 5.5 节)或 return 语句直接返回(第 6.1 节)。
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但这两者之间有所区别,break 只是退出当前的循环体,而 return 语句提前对函数进行返回,不会执行后续的代码。
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无限循环的经典应用是服务器,用于不断等待和接受新的请求。
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```go
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for t, err = p.Token(); err == nil; t, err = p.Token() {
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...
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}
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```
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## 5.4.4 for-range 结构
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这是 Go 特有的一种的迭代结构,您会发现它在许多情况下都非常有用。它可以迭代任何一个集合(包括数组和 map,详见第 7 和 8 章)。语法上很类似其它语言中 foreach 语句,但您依旧可以获得每次迭代所对应的索引。一般形式为:`for ix, val := range coll { }`。
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要注意的是,`val` 始终为集合中对应索引的值拷贝,因此它一般只具有只读性质,对它所做的任何修改都不会影响到集合中原有的值(**译者注:如果 `val` 为指针,则会产生指针的拷贝,依旧可以修改集合中的原值**)。一个字符串是 Unicode 编码的字符(或称之为 `rune`)集合,因此您也可以用它迭代字符串:
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```go
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for pos, char := range str {
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...
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}
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```
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每个 rune 字符和索引在 for-range 循环中是一一对应的。它能够自动根据 UTF-8 规则识别 Unicode 编码的字符。
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示例 5.9 [range_string.go](examples/chapter_5/range_string.go):
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```go
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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str := "Go is a beautiful language!"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str is: %d\n", len(str))
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for pos, char := range str {
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fmt.Printf("Character on position %d is: %c \n", pos, char)
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}
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fmt.Println()
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str2 := "Chinese: 日本語"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str2 is: %d\n", len(str2))
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for pos, char := range str2 {
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fmt.Printf("character %c starts at byte position %d\n", char, pos)
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}
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fmt.Println()
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fmt.Println("index int(rune) rune char bytes")
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for index, rune := range str2 {
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fmt.Printf("%-2d %d %U '%c' % X\n", index, rune, rune, rune, []byte(string(rune)))
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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```
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The length of str is: 27
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Character on position 0 is: G
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Character on position 1 is: o
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Character on position 2 is:
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Character on position 3 is: i
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Character on position 4 is: s
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Character on position 5 is:
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Character on position 6 is: a
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Character on position 7 is:
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Character on position 8 is: b
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Character on position 9 is: e
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Character on position 10 is: a
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Character on position 11 is: u
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Character on position 12 is: t
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Character on position 13 is: i
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Character on position 14 is: f
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Character on position 15 is: u
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Character on position 16 is: l
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Character on position 17 is:
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Character on position 18 is: l
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Character on position 19 is: a
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Character on position 20 is: n
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Character on position 21 is: g
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Character on position 22 is: u
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Character on position 23 is: a
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Character on position 24 is: g
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Character on position 25 is: e
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Character on position 26 is: !
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The length of str2 is: 18
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character C starts at byte position 0
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character h starts at byte position 1
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character i starts at byte position 2
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character n starts at byte position 3
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character e starts at byte position 4
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character s starts at byte position 5
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character e starts at byte position 6
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character : starts at byte position 7
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character starts at byte position 8
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character 日 starts at byte position 9
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character 本 starts at byte position 12
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character 語 starts at byte position 15
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index int(rune) rune char bytes
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0 67 U+0043 'C' 43
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1 104 U+0068 'h' 68
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2 105 U+0069 'i' 69
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3 110 U+006E 'n' 6E
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4 101 U+0065 'e' 65
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5 115 U+0073 's' 73
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6 101 U+0065 'e' 65
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7 58 U+003A ':' 3A
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8 32 U+0020 ' ' 20
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9 26085 U+65E5 '日' E6 97 A5
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12 26412 U+672C '本' E6 9C AC
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15 35486 U+8A9E '語' E8 AA 9E
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```
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请将输出结果和 Listing 5.7(for_string.go)进行对比。
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我们可以看到,常用英文字符使用 1 个字节表示,而中文字符使用 3 个字符表示。
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**练习 5.9** 以下程序的输出结果是什么?
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```go
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for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
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var v int
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fmt.Printf("%d ", v)
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v = 5
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}
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```
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**问题 5.2:** 请描述以下 for 循环的输出结果:
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1.
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```go
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for i := 0; ; i++ {
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fmt.Println("Value of i is now:", i)
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}
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```
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2.
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```go
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for i := 0; i < 3; {
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fmt.Println("Value of i:", i)
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}
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```
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3.
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```go
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s := ""
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for ; s != "aaaaa"; {
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fmt.Println("Value of s:", s)
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s = s + "a"
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}
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```
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4.
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```go
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for i, j, s := 0, 5, "a"; i < 3 && j < 100 && s != "aaaaa"; i, j,
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s = i+1, j+1, s + "a" {
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fmt.Println("Value of i, j, s:", i, j, s)
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}
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```
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## 链接
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- [目录](directory.md)
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- 上一节:[switch 结构](05.3.md)
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- 下一节:[Break 与 continue](05.5.md)
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