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05.4
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188
eBook/05.4.md
188
eBook/05.4.md
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## 啊哦,亲,你看得也太快了。。。还没翻译完呢 0 0
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## 啊哦,亲,你看得也太快了。。。还没翻译完呢 0 0
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要不等到 **2014 年 6 月 3 日** 再来看看吧~~
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要不等到 **2014 年 6 月 6 日** 再来看看吧~~
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这里还有一些其它的学习资源噢~
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这里还有一些其它的学习资源噢~
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@@ -16,3 +16,189 @@
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- [Golang中国](http://golangtc.com)
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- [Golang中国](http://golangtc.com)
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# 5.4 for 结构
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# 5.4 for 结构
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如果想要重复执行某些语句,Go 语言中您只有 for 结构可以使用。不要小看它,这个 for 结构比其它语言中的更为灵活。
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**注意事项** 其它许多语言中也没有发现和 do while 完全对等的 for 结构,可能是因为这种需求并不是那么强烈。
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## 5.4.1 基于计数器的迭代
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文件 for1.go 中演示了最简单的基于计数器的迭代,基本形式为:
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for 初始化语句; 条件语句; 修饰语句 {}
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Listing 5.6 [for1.go](examples/chapter_5/for1.go):
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```
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
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fmt.Printf("This is the %d iteration\n", i)
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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```
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This is the 0 iteration
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This is the 1 iteration
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This is the 2 iteration
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This is the 3 iteration
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This is the 4 iteration
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```
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由花括号括起来的代码块会被重复执行已知次数,该次数是根据计数器(此例为 i)决定的。循环开始前,会执行且仅会执行一次初始化语句 `i := 0;`;这比在循环之前声明更为简短。紧接着的是条件语句 `i < 5;`,在每次循环开始前都会进行判断,一旦判断结果为 false,则退出循环体。最后一部分为修饰语句 `i++`,一般用于增加或减少计数器。
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这三部分组成的循环的头部,它们之间使用分号 `;` 相隔,但并不需要括号 `()` 将它们括起来。例如:`for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { }`,这是无效的代码!
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同样的,左花括号 `{` 必须和 for 语句在同一行,计数器的生命周期在遇到右花括号 `}` 时便终止。一般习惯使用 i、j、z 或 ix 等较短的名称命名计数器。
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特别注意,永远不要在循环体内修改计数器,这在任何语言中都是非常差的实践!
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**练习 5.3** 文件 [i_undefined.go](exercises/chapter_5/i_undefined.go) 无法编译,请解释原因。
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```
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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)
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func main() {
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var i int
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for i=0; i<10; i++ {
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fmt.Printf("%v\n", i)
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}
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fmt.Printf("%v\n", i) //<-- compile error: undefined i
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}
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```
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如果才能使得程序通过编译?
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您还可以在循环中同时使用多个计数器:
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for i, j := 0, N; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {}
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这得益于 Go 语言具有的平行赋值的特性(可以查看第 7 章 string_reverse.go 中反转数组的示例)。
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您可以将两个 for 循环嵌套起来:
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```
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for i:=0; i<5; ji++ {
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for j:=0; j<10; j++ {
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println(j)
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}
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}
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```
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如果您使用 for 循环迭代一个 Unicode 编码的字符串,会发生什么?
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Listing 5.7 [for_string.go](examples/chapter_5/for_string.go):
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```
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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str := "Go is a beautiful language!"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str is: %d\n", len(str))
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for ix :=0; ix < len(str); ix++ {
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fmt.Printf("Character on position %d is: %c \n", ix, str[ix])
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}
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str2 := "日本語"
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fmt.Printf("The length of str2 is: %d\n", len(str2))
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for ix :=0; ix < len(str2); ix++ {
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fmt.Printf("Character on position %d is: %c \n", ix, str2[ix])
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}
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}
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```
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输出:
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```
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The length of str is: 27
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Character on position 0 is: G
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Character on position 1 is: o
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Character on position 2 is:
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Character on position 3 is: i
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Character on position 4 is: s
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Character on position 5 is:
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Character on position 6 is: a
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Character on position 7 is:
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Character on position 8 is: b
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Character on position 9 is: e
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Character on position 10 is: a
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Character on position 11 is: u
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Character on position 12 is: t
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Character on position 13 is: i
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Character on position 14 is: f
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Character on position 15 is: u
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Character on position 16 is: l
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Character on position 17 is:
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Character on position 18 is: l
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Character on position 19 is: a
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Character on position 20 is: n
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Character on position 21 is: g
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Character on position 22 is: u
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Character on position 23 is: a
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Character on position 24 is: g
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Character on position 25 is: e
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Character on position 26 is: !
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The length of str2 is: 9
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Character on position 0 is: æ
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Character on position 1 is:
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Character on position 2 is: ¥
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Character on position 3 is: æ
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Character on position 4 is:
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Character on position 5 is: ¬
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Character on position 6 is: è
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Character on position 7 is: ª
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Character on position 8 is:
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```
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如果我们打印 str 和 str2 的长度,会分别得到 27 和 9。
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由此我们可以发现,ASCII 编码的字符占用 1 个字节,既每个索引都指向不同的字符,而非 ASCII 编码的字符(占有 2 到 4 个字节)不能单纯地使用索引来判断是否为同一个字符。我们会在第 5.4.4 节解决这个问题。
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### 练习题
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**练习 5.4** [for_loop.go](exercises/chapter_5/for_loop.go)
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1. 使用 for 结构创建一个简单的循环。要求循环 15 次然后使用 fmt 包来打印计数器的值。
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2. 使用 goto 语句重写循环,要求不能使用 for 关键字。
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**练习 5.5** [for_character.go](exercises/chapter_5/for_character.go)
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创建一个程序,要求能够打印类似下面的结果(直到每行 25 个字符时为止):
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```
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G
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GG
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GGG
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GGGG
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GGGGG
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GGGGGG
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```
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1. 使用 2 层嵌套 for 循环。
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2. 使用一层 for 循环以及字符串截断。
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**练习 5.6** [bitwise_complement.go](exercises/chapter_5/bitwise_complement.go)
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使用按位补码从 0 到 10,使用位表达式 `%b` 来格式化输出。
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**练习 5.7** Fizz-Buzz 问题:[fizzbuzz.go](exercises/chapter_5/fizzbuzz.go)
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写一个从 1 打印到 100 的程序,但是每当遇到 3 的倍数时,不打印相应的数字,但打印一次 "Fizz"。遇到 5 的倍数时,打印 `Buzz` 而不是相应的数字。对于同时为 3 和 5 的倍数的数,打印 `FizzBuzz`(提示:使用 switch 语句)。
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**练习 5.8** Fizz-Buzz 问题:[rectangle_stars.go](exercises/chapter_5/rectangle_stars.go)
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使用 `*` 符号打印宽为 20,高为 10 的矩形。
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## 5.4.2 基于条件判断的迭代
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