mirror of
https://github.com/unknwon/the-way-to-go_ZH_CN.git
synced 2025-08-12 02:35:53 +08:00
04.4.1.md
This commit is contained in:
110
eBook/04.4.md
110
eBook/04.4.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
##啊哦,亲,你看得也太快了。。。还没翻译完呢 0 0
|
||||
要不等到 ***2013 年 4 月 22 日*** 再来看看吧~~
|
||||
要不等到 ***2013 年 4 月 23 日*** 再来看看吧~~
|
||||
|
||||
这里还有一些其它的学习资源噢~
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -13,7 +13,115 @@
|
||||
- [Golang中国](http://golang.tc)
|
||||
|
||||
#4.4 变量
|
||||
#4.4.1 简介
|
||||
声明变量的一般形式是使用 `var` 关键字:`var identifier type`。
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是,Go 和许多编程语言不同,它在声明变量时将变量的类型放在变量的名称之后。Go 为什么要选择这么做呢?
|
||||
|
||||
首先,它是为了避免像 C 语言中那样含糊不清的声明形式,例如:`int* a, b;`。在这个例子中,只有 a 是指针而 b 不是。如果你想要这两个变量都是指针,则需要将它们分开书写(你可以在该页面找到有关于这个话题的更多讨论:[http://blog.golang.org/2010/07/gos-declaration-syntax.html](http://blog.golang.org/2010/07/gos-declaration-syntax.html))。
|
||||
|
||||
而在 Go 中,则可以和轻松地将它们都声明为指针类型:`var a, b *int`。
|
||||
|
||||
其次,这种语法能够按照从左至右的顺序阅读,使得代码更加容易理解。
|
||||
|
||||
示例:
|
||||
|
||||
var a int
|
||||
var b bool
|
||||
var str string
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以改写成这种形式:
|
||||
|
||||
var (
|
||||
a int
|
||||
b bool
|
||||
str string
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
这种因式分解关键字的写法一般用于声明全局变量。
|
||||
|
||||
当一个变量被声明之后,系统自动赋予它该类型的零值:int 为 0,flost 为 0.0,bool 为 false,string 为空字符串,指针为 nil。记住,所有的内存在 Go 中都是经过初始化的。
|
||||
|
||||
变量的命名规则遵循骆驼命名法,即首个单词小写,每个新单词的首字母大写,例如:`numShips`, `startDate`。
|
||||
|
||||
但如果你的全局变量希望能够被外部包所使用,则需要将首个单词的首字母也大写(第 4.2 节:可见性规则)。
|
||||
|
||||
一个变量(常量、类型或函数)在程序中都有一定的作用范围,称之为作用域。如果一个变量在函数体外声明,则被认为是全局变量,可以在整个包甚至外部包(被导出后)使用,不管你声明在哪个源文件里或在哪个源文件里调用该变量。
|
||||
|
||||
在函数体内声明的变量称之为局部变量,它们的作用域只在函数体内,参数和返回值变量也是局部变量。在第 5 章,我们将会学习到像 if 和 for 这些控制结构,而在这些结构中声明的变量的作用域只在相应的代码块内。一般情况下,局部变量的作用域可以通过代码块(用大括号括起来的部分)判断。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管变量的标识符必须是唯一的,但你可以在某个代码块的内层代码块中使用相同名称的变量,则此时外部的同名变量将会暂时隐藏(结束内部代码块的执行后隐藏的外部同名变量又会出现,而内部同名变量则被释放),你任何的操作都只会影响内部代码块的局部变量。
|
||||
|
||||
变量可以编译期间就被赋值,赋值给变量使用运算符等号 `=`,当然你也可以在运行时对变量进行赋值操作。
|
||||
|
||||
示例:
|
||||
|
||||
a = 15
|
||||
b = false
|
||||
|
||||
一般情况下,只有类型相同的变量之间才可以相互赋值,例如:`a = b`。
|
||||
|
||||
声明与赋值(初始化)语句也可以组合起来。
|
||||
|
||||
示例:
|
||||
|
||||
var identifier [type] = value
|
||||
var a int = 15
|
||||
var i = 5
|
||||
var b bool = false
|
||||
var str string = “Go says hello to the world!”
|
||||
|
||||
但是 Go 编译器的智商已经高到可以根据变量的值来自动推断其类型,这有点像 Ruby 和 Python 这类动态语言,只不过它们是在运行时进行推断,而 Go 是在编译时就已经完成推断过程。因此,你还可以使用下面的这些形式来声明及初始化变量:
|
||||
|
||||
var a = 15
|
||||
var b = false
|
||||
var str = “Go says hello to the world!”
|
||||
|
||||
或:
|
||||
|
||||
var (
|
||||
a = 15
|
||||
b = false
|
||||
str = “Go says hello to the world!”
|
||||
numShips = 50
|
||||
city string
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
不过自动推断类型并不是任何时候都适用的,当你想要给变量的类型并不是自动推断出的某种类型时,你还是需要显式指定变量的类型,例如:`var n int64 = 2`。
|
||||
|
||||
然而,`var a` 这种语法是不正确的,因为编译器没有任何可以用于自动推断类型的依据。变量的类型也可以在运行时实现自动推断,例如:
|
||||
|
||||
var (
|
||||
HOME = os.Getenv(“HOME”)
|
||||
USER = os.Getenv(“USER”)
|
||||
GOROOT = os.Getenv(“GOROOT”)
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
这种写法主要用于声明包级别的全局变量,当你在函数体内声明局部变量时,应使用简短声明语法 `:=`,例如:`a := 1`。
|
||||
|
||||
下面这个例子展示了如何在运行时获取所在的操作系统类型,它通过 `os` 包中的函数 `os.Getenv()` 来获取环境变量中的值,并保存到 string 类型的局部变量 `path` 中。
|
||||
|
||||
Example 4.5 [goos.go](examples/chapter_4/goos.go)
|
||||
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
“fmt”
|
||||
“os”
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var goos string = os.Getenv(“GOOS”)
|
||||
fmt.Printf(“The operating system is: %s\n”, goos)
|
||||
path := os.Getenv(“PATH”)
|
||||
fmt.Printf(“Path is %s\n”, path)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在 Windows 下运行这段代码,则会输出 `The operating system is: windows` 以及相应的环境变量的值;如果你在 Linux 下运行这段代码,则会输出 `The operating system is: linux` 以及相应的的环境变量的值。
|
||||
|
||||
这里用到了 `Printf` 的格式化输出的功能(第 4.4.3 节)。
|
||||
|
||||
#4.4.2 值类型和引用类型
|
||||
|
||||
##链接
|
||||
- [目录](directory.md)
|
||||
|
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
import fm "fmt" // alias3
|
||||
|
||||
import fm "fmt" // alias
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
fm.Println("hello, world")
|
||||
|
18
eBook/examples/chapter_4/casting.go
Normal file
18
eBook/examples/chapter_4/casting.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
import "fmt"
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var n int16 = 34
|
||||
var m int32
|
||||
|
||||
// compiler error: cannot use n (type int16) as type int32 in assignment
|
||||
//m = n
|
||||
m = int32(n)
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("32 bit int is: %d\n", m)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("16 bit int is: %d\n", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* Output:
|
||||
32 bit int is: 34
|
||||
16 bit int is: 34
|
||||
*/
|
22
eBook/examples/chapter_4/char.go
Normal file
22
eBook/examples/chapter_4/char.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
||||
// char.go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var ch int = '\u0041'
|
||||
var ch2 int = '\u03B2'
|
||||
var ch3 int = '\U00101234'
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d - %d - %d\n", ch, ch2, ch3)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%c - %c - %c\n", ch, ch2, ch3)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%X - %X - %X\n", ch, ch2, ch3)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%U - %U - %U", ch, ch2, ch3)
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* Ouput:
|
||||
65 - 946 - 1053236
|
||||
A - β -
|
||||
41 - 3B2 - 101234
|
||||
U+0041 - U+03B2 - U+101234
|
||||
*/
|
17
eBook/examples/chapter_4/count_substring.go
Normal file
17
eBook/examples/chapter_4/count_substring.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var str string = "Hello, how is it going, Hugo?"
|
||||
var manyG = "gggggggggg"
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Number of H's in %s is: ", str)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.Count(str, "H"))
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Number of double g's in %s is: ", manyG)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.Count(manyG, "gg"))
|
||||
}
|
13
eBook/examples/chapter_4/goos.go
Normal file
13
eBook/examples/chapter_4/goos.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"os"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var goos string = os.Getenv("GOOS")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The operating system is: %s\n", goos)
|
||||
path := os.Getenv("PATH")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Path is %s\n", path)
|
||||
}
|
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ var v int = 5
|
||||
|
||||
type T struct{}
|
||||
|
||||
func init() { // initialization of package
|
||||
func init() {
|
||||
// initialization of package
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
|
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
// hello_world.go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import "fmt"
|
||||
@@ -6,4 +5,3 @@ import "fmt"
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
fmt.Println("hello, world")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@ package main
|
||||
import "fmt" // Package implementing formatted I/O.
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Καλημέρα κόσμε; or こんにちは 世界\n")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Hello, world; or Καλημέρα κόσμε; or こんにちは 世界\n")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
21
eBook/examples/chapter_4/index_in_string.go
Normal file
21
eBook/examples/chapter_4/index_in_string.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var str string = "Hi, I'm Marc, Hi."
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The position of \"Marc\" is: ")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.Index(str, "Marc"))
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The position of the first instance of \"Hi\" is: ")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.Index(str, "Hi"))
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The position of the last instance of \"Hi\" is: ")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.LastIndex(str, "Hi"))
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The position of \"Burger\" is: ")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d\n", strings.Index(str, "Burger"))
|
||||
}
|
9
eBook/examples/chapter_4/init.go
Normal file
9
eBook/examples/chapter_4/init.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
package trans
|
||||
|
||||
import "math"
|
||||
|
||||
var Pi float64
|
||||
|
||||
func init() {
|
||||
Pi = 4 * math.Atan(1) // init() function computes Pi
|
||||
}
|
12
eBook/examples/chapter_4/pointer.go
Normal file
12
eBook/examples/chapter_4/pointer.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import "fmt"
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var i1 = 5
|
||||
fmt.Printf("An integer: %d, its location in memory: %p\n", i1, &i1)
|
||||
|
||||
var intP *int
|
||||
intP = &i1
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The value at memory location %p is %d\n", intP, *intP)
|
||||
}
|
14
eBook/examples/chapter_4/presuffix.go
Normal file
14
eBook/examples/chapter_4/presuffix.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var str string = "This is an example of a string"
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("T/F? Does the string \"%s\" have prefix %s? ", str, "Th")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%t\n", strings.HasPrefix(str, "Th"))
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Output: T/F? Does the string "This is an example of a string" have prefix Th? true
|
28
eBook/examples/chapter_4/random.go
Normal file
28
eBook/examples/chapter_4/random.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"math/rand"
|
||||
"time"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
|
||||
a := rand.Int()
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d / ", a)
|
||||
}
|
||||
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
|
||||
r := rand.Intn(8)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%d / ", r)
|
||||
}
|
||||
fmt.Println()
|
||||
timens := int64(time.Now().Nanosecond())
|
||||
rand.Seed(timens)
|
||||
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%2.2f / ", 100*rand.Float32())
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* Output:
|
||||
134020434 / 1597969999 / 1721070109 / 2068675587 / 1237770961 / 220031192 / 2031484958 / 583324308 / 958990240 / 413002649 / 6 / 7 / 2 / 1 / 0 /
|
||||
22.84 / 10.12 / 44.32 / 58.58 / 15.49 / 12.23 / 30.16 / 88.48 / 34.26 / 27.18 /
|
||||
*/
|
14
eBook/examples/chapter_4/repeat_string.go
Normal file
14
eBook/examples/chapter_4/repeat_string.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var origS string = "Hi there! "
|
||||
var newS string
|
||||
|
||||
newS = strings.Repeat(origS, 3)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The new repeated string is: %s\n", newS)
|
||||
}
|
20
eBook/examples/chapter_4/string_conversion.go
Normal file
20
eBook/examples/chapter_4/string_conversion.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strconv"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var orig string = "666"
|
||||
var an int
|
||||
var newS string
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The size of ints is: %d\n", strconv.IntSize)
|
||||
|
||||
an, _ = strconv.Atoi(orig)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The integer is: %d\n", an)
|
||||
an = an + 5
|
||||
newS = strconv.Itoa(an)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The new string is: %s\n", newS)
|
||||
}
|
13
eBook/examples/chapter_4/string_pointer.go
Normal file
13
eBook/examples/chapter_4/string_pointer.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import "fmt"
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
s := "good bye"
|
||||
var p *string = &s
|
||||
*p = "ciao"
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Here is the pointer p: %p\n", p) // prints address
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Here is the string *p: %s\n", *p) // prints string
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Here is the string s: %s\n", s) // prints same string
|
||||
}
|
33
eBook/examples/chapter_4/strings_splitjoin.go
Normal file
33
eBook/examples/chapter_4/strings_splitjoin.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
// strings.go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
str := "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
|
||||
sl := strings.Fields(str)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Splitted in slice: %v\n", sl)
|
||||
for _, val := range sl {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%s - ", val)
|
||||
}
|
||||
fmt.Println()
|
||||
str2 := "GO1|The ABC of Go|25"
|
||||
sl2 := strings.Split(str2, "|")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("Splitted in slice: %v\n", sl2)
|
||||
for _, val := range sl2 {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%s - ", val)
|
||||
}
|
||||
fmt.Println()
|
||||
str3 := strings.Join(sl2,";")
|
||||
fmt.Printf("sl2 joined by ;: %s\n", str3)
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* Output:
|
||||
Splitted in slice: [The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog]
|
||||
The - quick - brown - fox - jumps - over - the - lazy - dog -
|
||||
Splitted in slice: [GO1 The ABC of Go 25]
|
||||
GO1 - The ABC of Go - 25 -
|
||||
sl2 joined by ;: GO1;The ABC of Go;25
|
||||
*/
|
11
eBook/examples/chapter_4/testcrash.go
Normal file
11
eBook/examples/chapter_4/testcrash.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
// testcrash.go
|
||||
// compiles , but crashes
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var p *int = nil
|
||||
*p = 0
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
// in Windows: stops only with: <exit code="-1073741819" msg="process crashed"/>
|
||||
// runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
|
27
eBook/examples/chapter_4/time.go
Normal file
27
eBook/examples/chapter_4/time.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"time"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
var week time.Duration
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
t := time.Now()
|
||||
fmt.Println(t) // Wed Dec 21 09:52:14 +0100 RST 2011
|
||||
fmt.Printf("%02d.%02d.%4d\n", t.Day(), t.Month(), t.Year()) // 21.12.2011
|
||||
t = time.Now().UTC()
|
||||
fmt.Println(t) // Wed Dec 21 08:52:14 +0000 UTC 2011
|
||||
fmt.Println(time.Now()) // Wed Dec 21 09:52:14 +0100 RST 2011
|
||||
// calculating times:
|
||||
week = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 * 1e9 // must be in nanosec
|
||||
week_from_now := t.Add(week)
|
||||
fmt.Println(week_from_now) // Wed Dec 28 08:52:14 +0000 UTC 2011
|
||||
// formatting times:
|
||||
fmt.Println(t.Format(time.RFC822)) // 21 Dec 11 0852 UTC
|
||||
fmt.Println(t.Format(time.ANSIC)) // Wed Dec 21 08:56:34 2011
|
||||
fmt.Println(t.Format("02 Jan 2006 15:04")) // 21 Dec 2011 08:52
|
||||
s := t.Format("20060102")
|
||||
fmt.Println(t, "=>", s) // Wed Dec 21 08:52:14 +0000 UTC 2011 => 20111221
|
||||
}
|
18
eBook/examples/chapter_4/toupper_lower.go
Normal file
18
eBook/examples/chapter_4/toupper_lower.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"strings"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var orig string = "Hey, how are you George?"
|
||||
var lower string
|
||||
var upper string
|
||||
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The original string is: %s\n", orig)
|
||||
lower = strings.ToLower(orig)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The lowercase string is: %s\n", lower)
|
||||
upper = strings.ToUpper(orig)
|
||||
fmt.Printf("The uppercase string is: %s\n", upper)
|
||||
}
|
11
eBook/examples/chapter_4/type.go
Normal file
11
eBook/examples/chapter_4/type.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import "fmt"
|
||||
|
||||
type TZ int
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var a, b TZ = 3, 4
|
||||
c := a + b
|
||||
fmt.Printf("c has the value: %d", c)
|
||||
}
|
9
eBook/examples/chapter_4/type_mixing.go
Normal file
9
eBook/examples/chapter_4/type_mixing.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
var a int
|
||||
var b int32
|
||||
a = 15
|
||||
b = a + a // compiler error
|
||||
b = b + 5 // ok: 5 is a constant
|
||||
}
|
12
eBook/examples/chapter_4/use_init.go
Normal file
12
eBook/examples/chapter_4/use_init.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"./trans"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
var twoPi = 2 * trans.Pi // decl computes twoPi
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
fmt.Printf("2*Pi = %g\n", twoPi) // 2*Pi = 6.283185307179586
|
||||
}
|
Reference in New Issue
Block a user