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完成12.8章节
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# 一个使用接口的实际例子:fmt.Fprintf
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例子程序`io_interfaces.go`很好的阐述了io包中的接口概念。
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示例 12.15 [io_interfaces.go](examples/chapter_12/io_interfaces.go):
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```go
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// interfaces being used in the GO-package fmt
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package main
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import (
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"bufio"
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"fmt"
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"os"
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)
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func main() {
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// unbuffered
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stdout, "%s\n", "hello world! - unbuffered")
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// buffered: os.Stdout implements io.Writer
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buf := bufio.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
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// and now so does buf.
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fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%s\n", "hello world! - buffered")
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buf.Flush()
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}
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```
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输出:
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```
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hello world! - unbuffered
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hello world! - buffered
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```
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下面是`fmt.Fprintf()`函数的实际签名
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```go
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func Fprintf(w io.Writer, format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
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```
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其不是写入一个文件,而是写入一个`io.Writer`接口类型的变量,下面是`Writer`接口在io包中的定义:
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```go
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type Writer interface {
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Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
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}
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```
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`fmt.Fprintf()`依据指定的格式向第一个参数内写入字符串,第一参数必须实现了`io.Writer`接口。`Fprintf()`能够写入任何类型,只要其实现了`Write`方法,包括`os.Stdout`,文件(例如os.File),管道,网络连接,通道等等,同样的也可以使用bufio包中缓冲写入。bufio包中定义了`type Writer struct{...}`
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bufio.Writer实现了Write方法:
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```go
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func (b *Writer) Write(p []byte) (nn int, err error)
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```
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它还有一个工厂函数:传给它一个`io.Writer`类型的参数,它会返回一个缓冲的`bufio.Writer`类型的`io.Writer`:
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```go
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func NewWriter(wr io.Writer) (b *Writer)
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```
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其适合任何形式的缓冲写入。
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在缓冲写入的最后千万不要忘了使用`Flush()`,否则最后的输出不会被写入。
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在15.2-15.8章节,我们将使用`fmt.Fprint`函数向`http.ResponseWriter`写入,其同样实现了io.Writer接口。
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**练习 12.7**:[remove_3till5char.go](exercises/chapter_12/remove_3till5char.go)
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下面的代码有一个输入文件`goprogram.go`,然后以每一行为单位读取,从读取的当前行中截取第3到第5的字节写入另一个文件。然而当你运行这个程序,输出的文件却是个空文件。找出程序逻辑中的bug,修正它并测试。
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"bufio"
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"fmt"
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"os"
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)
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func main() {
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inputFile, _ := os.Open("goprogram.go")
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outputFile, _ := os.OpenFile("goprogramT.go", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0666)
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defer inputFile.Close()
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defer outputFile.Close()
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inputReader := bufio.NewReader(inputFile)
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outputWriter := bufio.NewWriter(outputFile)
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for {
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inputString, _, readerError := inputReader.ReadLine()
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if readerError == io.EOF {
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fmt.Println("EOF")
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return
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}
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outputString := string([]byte(inputString)[2:5]) + "\r\n"
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n, err := outputWriter.WriteString(outputString)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println(err)
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return
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}
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}
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fmt.Println("Conversion done")
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}
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```
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## 链接
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- [目录](directory.md)
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- 上一节:[用defer关闭文件](12.7.md)
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- 下一节:[格式化Json数据](12.9.md)
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